Papel de los procesos transnacionales en la integración y desarrollo de Paraguay en el MERCOSUR
Resumen
Este artículo analiza el papel de los procesos y actividades transnacionales para la integración y desarrollo socio-económico de Paraguay en el Mercado Común del Sur (MERCOSUR). Elaborado dentro del marco teórico del campo del transnacionalismo, este trabajo, investiga los lazos forjados y mantenidos por personas con dos o más países. En particular, este trabajo enfoca en los procesos migratorios y prácticas transnacionales de personas que residieron en la región este de Paraguay en frontera con el estado de Mato Grosso do Sul en Brasil. Los procesos migratorios y practicas transnacionales entre esa región fronteriza de Paraguay con el estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, llevaron al desarrollo del concepto de transnacionalismo próximo. El argumento principal de este artículo, considerando dos factores esenciales, es que Paraguay desempeña un papel clave en los procesos presentados aquí como transnacionalismo próximo. El primero está relacionado con los procesos migratorios desde región este de Paraguay hacia la región sur del entonces estado de Mato Grosso en Brasil, ocurridos entre el fin de la Guerra contra la Triple Alianza (1864-1870) y la primera mitad del siglo XX, posteriormente ocurriendo cuando las políticas agrarias paraguayas atrajeron agricultores de Brasil, especialmente en las décadas de 1960 y 1970. El segundo factor está relacionado con la habilidad de las personas en fácilmente circular entre los dos países. El concepto transnacionalismo próximo es resultado de una etnografía multilocal realizada en la frontera entre Brasil y Paraguay, entre el 2013 y 2016, concluida en 2017.
##plugins.generic.usageStats.downloads##
##plugins.generic.usageStats.noStats##
Citas
Adelman, J. & Aron, S. (1999). From borderlands to borders: Empires, Nation-states, and the peoples in between in North American history. The American historical review, 104(3), 814-841.
Aksoy, A. & Robins, K. (2002). Banal Transnationalism: The Difference that Television Makes. Oxford. Transnational Communities Programme.
Albuquerque, J. (2009). A Dinâmica das Fronteiras: Deslocamento e Circulação dos “Brasiguaios” entre os Limites Nacionais. Horizontes Antropológicos, 31, 137-166.
Albuquerque, J. L. (2010). A Dinâmica das Fronteiras: Os brasiguaios na Fronteira entre o Brasil e o Paraguai (1st ed.). São Paulo: Annablume.
Alvarez Jr, R. R. (1995). The Mexican-US border: The Making of an Anthropology of Borderlands. Annual Review of Anthropology, 24(1), 447-470.
Anderson, B. (2006 [1983]). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.
Appadurai, A. (Ed.). (1996). Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization (vol. 1). sl: University of Minnesota Press.
Archer, L. (2010). Urban youth and Schooling. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).
Ausier, J. (2008). Identidade e Conflito na Fronteira Brasil-Paraguai: O Caso dos Brasiguaios. Revista Eletrônica Boletim do TEMPO, 2(34).
Balkan, O. (2014). Dead Bodies on the Move: Repatriation and the Politics of Belonging in Germany. Paper presented at the 21st International Conference of Europeanists.
Bauböck, R. & Faist, T. (2010). Diaspora and transnationalism: Concepts, Theories and Methods. Amsterdam University Press.
Blanc, J. (2015). Enclaves of Inequality: Brasiguaios and the Transformation of the Brazil-Paraguay Borderlands. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 42(1), 145-158. doi:10.1080/03066150.2014.967685
Bourne, R. S. (1918). Trans-national America. World War Issues and Ideals: Readings in Contemporary History and Literature.
Brittain, C. (2009). Transnational Messages: What Teachers Can Learn From Understanding Students’ Lives in Transnational Social Spaces. The High School Journal, 92(4), 100-114.
Cañizares-Esguerra, J. (2007). Entangled Histories: Borderland Historiographies in New Clothes? The American Historical Review, 112(3), 787-799.
Cano, E. & Pérez, L. C. (2016). La red de redes y el activismo político transnacional de los migrantes paraguayos en España. Paper presented at the Mundos emergentes: cambios, conflictos y expectativas.
Carneiro Filho, C. P., & de Oliveira Lemos, B. (2014). Brasil e Mercosul: Iniciativas de Cooperação Fronteiriça (Brazil and MERCOSUR: Border Cooperation Initiatives). Acta Geográfica, 203-219.
Chalaby, J. K. (2005). Transnational Television Worldwide: Towards a New Media Order: Ib tauris.
Cortêz, C. (1993). Brasiguaios: Os Refugiados Desconhecidos. Campo Grande -MS, Brazil: Agora.
Dahinden, J. (2009). Are We All Transnationals Now? Network Transnationalism and Transnational Subjectivity: The Differing Impacts of Globalization on the Inhabitants of a Small Swiss city. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 32(8), 1365-1386.
Estrada, M. (2015). The Impact of Land Policies on International Migration and Transnational Practices: The Case of the Brasiguaios. Working Paper Series. 8 September 2015. Recuperado de http://www.imi.ox.ac.uk/publications/the-impact-of-land-policies-on-international-migration-the-case-of-the-brasiguaios
Estrada, M. (2017). Brasiguayos: Vidas e Identidades Transnacionales. Recuperado de www.brasiguaios.com
Félix, A. (2011). Posthumous Transnationalism: Postmortem Repatriation from the United States to Mexico. Latin American Research Review, 46(3), 157-179.
Fiorentin, M. I. S. (2013). Imigrantes Brasileiros Radicados no Paraguai: Dilemas Identitários e Hibridismo Cultural. Revista Paraguay desde las Ciencias Sociales, 2, 81-96.
Fitzgerald, D. (2000). Negotiating Extra-territorial Citizenship: Mexican Migration and the Transnational Politics of Community.
Fitzgerald, D. & Waldinger, R. (2004). Transnationalism in Question. American Journal of Sociology, 109(5), 1177-1195. doi:10.1086/381916
Foner, N. (1997). What’s new about transnationalism?: New York immigrants today and at the turn of the century. Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies, 6(3), 355-375.
Gielis, R. (2009). Borders Make the Difference: Migrant Transnationalism as a Border Experience. Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie, 100(5), 598-609.
Glick Schiller, N., Basch, L., & Blanc, C. S. (1992). Towards a Definition of Transnationalism. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 645(1), 9-14. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb33482.x
Glick Schiller, N., Basch, L. & Blanc, C. S. (1994). Nations Unbound: Transnational Projects, Postcolonial Predicaments, and Deterritorialized Nation-States. Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach Publishers.
Hämäläinen, P. & Truett, S. (2011). On Borderlands. Journal of American History, 98(2), 338-361.
Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2007). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (3rd ed.). London: Routledge.
Hannerz, U. (1996). Transnational Connections: Culture, People, Places. London and New York: Routledge.
IBGE. (2014). Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Recuperado de http://cod.ibge.gov.br/2332S
Ip, D., Inglis, C. & Wu, C. T. (1997). Concepts of Citizenship and Identity among Recent Asian Immigrants in Australia. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 6(3-4), 363-384.
Iredale, R., Jordan, B. & Duvell, F. (2004). Migration: The Boundaries of Equality and Justice: JSTOR.
Itzigsohn, J., Cabral, C. D., Medina, E. H. & Vazquez, O. (1999). Mapping Dominican Transnationalism: Narrow and Broad Transnational Practices. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 22(2), 316-339.
Kasun, G. S. (2012). Transnational Mexican-origin Families: Ways of Knowing and Implications for Schooling.
Köngeter, S. & Smith, W. (2015). Transnational Agency and Migration: Actors, Movements, and Social Support: Routledge.
Kopinak, K. & Soriano Miras, R. M. (2013). Types of Migration Enabled by Maquiladoras in Baja California, Mexico: The Importance of Commuting. Journal of Borderlands Studies, 28(1), 75-91.
Laino, D. (1979). Paraguay: Fronteras y Penetración Brasileña. Asunción: Cerro Cerro Cora.
Lissardy, G. (2012). Paraguay: Los ‘brasiguayos’, La Voz del Nuevo Gobierno para Seducir a Brasil. BBC Paraguay. Recuperado de http://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/noticias/2012/06/120627_paraguay_crisis_franco_lugo_brasil_brasiguayos_jg.shtml
Lobo, C., Matos, R. & Teixeira, R. (2008). Novas territorialidades e a mobilidade espacial dos imigrantes procedentes do Paraguai residentes no Brasil. Paper presented at the II Congresso da Associação Latino Americana de População, Córdoba, Argentina. http://www.alapop.org/alap/files/docs/congreso2008/ALAP_2008_FINAL_279.pdf
Loureiro, M. D. R., Cunha, R. V. d., Ivo, M. L., Pontes, E. R. J. C., Fabbro, M. M. F. J. D. & Ferreira Júnior, M. A. (2012). Syphilis in Pregnancies and Vertical Transmission as a Public Health Problem. Journal of Nursing, 6(12), 2171-2179.
Machado-Casas, M. (2009). The politics of organic phylogeny: the art of parenting and surviving as transnational multilingual Latino indigenous immigrants in the US. The High School Journal, 92(4), 82-99.
Marcus, G. (1995). Ethnography in/of the world system: the emergence of multi-sited ethnography. Annual Review of Anthropology, 24, 95-117.
Marques, D. H. F. (2009). Circularidade na Fronteira do Paraguai e Brasil: O Estudo de Caso dos “Brasiguaios”. (Ph.D in Demography), UFMG/Cedeplar, Belo Horizonte, MG.
MERCOSUR. (2010). Plan de Acción para el Estatuto de la Ciudadanía MERCOSUR 64/10. Recuperado de http://www.cartillaciudadania.mercosur.int/uploads/DEC_064-2010_ES_Estatuto%20de%20Cidadania.pdf
MERCOSUR. (2012). Ejes del Plan Estratégico de Acción Social. Recuperado de http://ismercosur.org/doc/PEAS-Portugues-web.pdf
MERCOSUR. (2015). Declaración socio-laboral del MERCOSUR del 2015. Recuperado de http://www.mercosur.int/innovaportal/file/4506/1/es_declaracion-sociolaboral.pdf
MPF. (2006). Questão de Justiça: A Difícil Vida dos Brasiguaios. Brasilia-DF, Brazil: PGR/Secom Recuperado de Fonte: http://noticias.pgr.mpf.gov.br/noticias-do-site/geral/geral-2006/questao-de-justica--a-dificil-vida-dos-brasiguaios-20060817/.
Nogueira, V., Simonatto, I., & da Silva, M. (2003). Fronteira Mercosul: Processos de Inclusão/Exclusão no Sistema Único de Saúde. Serviço Social em Revista, 6(1).
Paasi, A., & Prokkola, E. K. (2008). Territorial Dynamics, Cross-border Work and Everyday Life in the Finnish–Swedish Border Area. Space and Polity, 12(1), 13-29. doi: 10.1080/13562570801969366
Pasura, D. (2010). Zimbabwean Transnational Diaspora Politics in Britain. Zimbabwe’s new diaspora: displacement and the cultural politics of survival, 103-121.
Perez Vichich, N. (2005). El MERCOSUR y la migración internacional. Trabajo presentado a la Reunión del Grupo de Expertos sobre Migraciones Internacionales y Desarrollo en América Latina y el Caribe, Naciones Unidas, México.
Petrón, M. (2009). Transnational Teachers of English in Mexico. The High School Journal, 92(4), 115-128.
Pollock, N. (2009). Food and Transnationalism: Reassertions of Pacific Identity. Migration and Transnationalism: Pacific Perspectives, 103-114.
Portes, A. (1999). Conclusion: Toward a New World - the Origins and Effects of Transnational Activities. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 22(2), 463-477.
Portes, A. (2001). Introduction: The Debates and Significance of Immigrant Transnationalism. Global Networks, 1(3), 181-194.
Portes, A. (2003). Conclusion: Theoretical Convergencies and Empirical Evidence in the Study of Immigrant Transnationalism. International migration review, 874-892.
Portes, A. & DeWind, J. (2007). Rethinking Migration. New Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives. New York.
Portes, A., Guarnizo, L. E. & Landolt, P. (1999). The Study of Transnationalism: Pitfalls and Promise of an Emergent Research Field. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 22(2), 217-237.
Scannell, P. (1996). Radio, television, and Modern life: A Phenomenological Approach.
Scannell, P. (2000). For Anyone as Someone Structures. Media, Culture & Society, 22(1), 5-24. doi: 10.1177/016344300022001001
Sheringham, O. (2010). A Transnational Space? Transnational Practices, Place-Based Identity and the Making of ‘Home’ among Brazilians in Gort, Ireland. Portuguese Studies, 60-78.
Smith, R. C. (2006). Mexican New York: Transnational Lives of New Immigrants. New York: University of California.
Stiftung, B. (2014). BTI 2014– Paraguay country report. Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung.
Strüver, A. (2005). Spheres of Transnationalism within the European Union: On Open Doors, Thresholds and Drawbridges along the Dutch–German Border. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 31(2), 323-343. doi: 10.1080/1369183042000339954
Szewczyk, A. (2014). Polish Graduates and British Citizenship: Amplification of the Potential Mobility Dynamics beyond Europe. Mobilities (ahead-of-print), 1-20.
Tamaki, E. (2011). Transnational Home Engagement among Latino and Asian Americans: Resources and Motivation. International migration review, 45(1), 148-173.
Tiburcio, J. (2011). Brazilians in Paraguay: A Growing Internal Problem or a Regional Issue? In W. Kemp, V. Popovski, & R. Thakur (Eds.), Blood and Borders: The Responsibility to Protect and the Problem of the Kin-State. Tokyo -New York- Paris: United Nations Press.
La invasión brasileña. (2003). Última Hora, p. 4.
Vertovec, S. (1999). Conceiving and Researching Transnationalism. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 22(2), 447-462.
Vertovec, S. (2001). Transnationalism and Identity. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 27(4), 573-582. doi: 10.1080/13691830120090386
Wagner, C. (1990). Brasiguaios: Homens sem Pátria. Petrópolis-RJ, Brazil: Voz.
Zaar, M. H. (2001). A Migração rural no oeste Paranaense / Brasil: a trajetória Dos “Brasiguaios”. Scripta Nova. Revista Electrónica de Geografía y Ciencias Sociales, 94(88).
Aksoy, A. & Robins, K. (2002). Banal Transnationalism: The Difference that Television Makes. Oxford. Transnational Communities Programme.
Albuquerque, J. (2009). A Dinâmica das Fronteiras: Deslocamento e Circulação dos “Brasiguaios” entre os Limites Nacionais. Horizontes Antropológicos, 31, 137-166.
Albuquerque, J. L. (2010). A Dinâmica das Fronteiras: Os brasiguaios na Fronteira entre o Brasil e o Paraguai (1st ed.). São Paulo: Annablume.
Alvarez Jr, R. R. (1995). The Mexican-US border: The Making of an Anthropology of Borderlands. Annual Review of Anthropology, 24(1), 447-470.
Anderson, B. (2006 [1983]). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.
Appadurai, A. (Ed.). (1996). Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization (vol. 1). sl: University of Minnesota Press.
Archer, L. (2010). Urban youth and Schooling. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).
Ausier, J. (2008). Identidade e Conflito na Fronteira Brasil-Paraguai: O Caso dos Brasiguaios. Revista Eletrônica Boletim do TEMPO, 2(34).
Balkan, O. (2014). Dead Bodies on the Move: Repatriation and the Politics of Belonging in Germany. Paper presented at the 21st International Conference of Europeanists.
Bauböck, R. & Faist, T. (2010). Diaspora and transnationalism: Concepts, Theories and Methods. Amsterdam University Press.
Blanc, J. (2015). Enclaves of Inequality: Brasiguaios and the Transformation of the Brazil-Paraguay Borderlands. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 42(1), 145-158. doi:10.1080/03066150.2014.967685
Bourne, R. S. (1918). Trans-national America. World War Issues and Ideals: Readings in Contemporary History and Literature.
Brittain, C. (2009). Transnational Messages: What Teachers Can Learn From Understanding Students’ Lives in Transnational Social Spaces. The High School Journal, 92(4), 100-114.
Cañizares-Esguerra, J. (2007). Entangled Histories: Borderland Historiographies in New Clothes? The American Historical Review, 112(3), 787-799.
Cano, E. & Pérez, L. C. (2016). La red de redes y el activismo político transnacional de los migrantes paraguayos en España. Paper presented at the Mundos emergentes: cambios, conflictos y expectativas.
Carneiro Filho, C. P., & de Oliveira Lemos, B. (2014). Brasil e Mercosul: Iniciativas de Cooperação Fronteiriça (Brazil and MERCOSUR: Border Cooperation Initiatives). Acta Geográfica, 203-219.
Chalaby, J. K. (2005). Transnational Television Worldwide: Towards a New Media Order: Ib tauris.
Cortêz, C. (1993). Brasiguaios: Os Refugiados Desconhecidos. Campo Grande -MS, Brazil: Agora.
Dahinden, J. (2009). Are We All Transnationals Now? Network Transnationalism and Transnational Subjectivity: The Differing Impacts of Globalization on the Inhabitants of a Small Swiss city. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 32(8), 1365-1386.
Estrada, M. (2015). The Impact of Land Policies on International Migration and Transnational Practices: The Case of the Brasiguaios. Working Paper Series. 8 September 2015. Recuperado de http://www.imi.ox.ac.uk/publications/the-impact-of-land-policies-on-international-migration-the-case-of-the-brasiguaios
Estrada, M. (2017). Brasiguayos: Vidas e Identidades Transnacionales. Recuperado de www.brasiguaios.com
Félix, A. (2011). Posthumous Transnationalism: Postmortem Repatriation from the United States to Mexico. Latin American Research Review, 46(3), 157-179.
Fiorentin, M. I. S. (2013). Imigrantes Brasileiros Radicados no Paraguai: Dilemas Identitários e Hibridismo Cultural. Revista Paraguay desde las Ciencias Sociales, 2, 81-96.
Fitzgerald, D. (2000). Negotiating Extra-territorial Citizenship: Mexican Migration and the Transnational Politics of Community.
Fitzgerald, D. & Waldinger, R. (2004). Transnationalism in Question. American Journal of Sociology, 109(5), 1177-1195. doi:10.1086/381916
Foner, N. (1997). What’s new about transnationalism?: New York immigrants today and at the turn of the century. Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies, 6(3), 355-375.
Gielis, R. (2009). Borders Make the Difference: Migrant Transnationalism as a Border Experience. Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie, 100(5), 598-609.
Glick Schiller, N., Basch, L., & Blanc, C. S. (1992). Towards a Definition of Transnationalism. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 645(1), 9-14. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb33482.x
Glick Schiller, N., Basch, L. & Blanc, C. S. (1994). Nations Unbound: Transnational Projects, Postcolonial Predicaments, and Deterritorialized Nation-States. Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach Publishers.
Hämäläinen, P. & Truett, S. (2011). On Borderlands. Journal of American History, 98(2), 338-361.
Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2007). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (3rd ed.). London: Routledge.
Hannerz, U. (1996). Transnational Connections: Culture, People, Places. London and New York: Routledge.
IBGE. (2014). Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Recuperado de http://cod.ibge.gov.br/2332S
Ip, D., Inglis, C. & Wu, C. T. (1997). Concepts of Citizenship and Identity among Recent Asian Immigrants in Australia. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 6(3-4), 363-384.
Iredale, R., Jordan, B. & Duvell, F. (2004). Migration: The Boundaries of Equality and Justice: JSTOR.
Itzigsohn, J., Cabral, C. D., Medina, E. H. & Vazquez, O. (1999). Mapping Dominican Transnationalism: Narrow and Broad Transnational Practices. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 22(2), 316-339.
Kasun, G. S. (2012). Transnational Mexican-origin Families: Ways of Knowing and Implications for Schooling.
Köngeter, S. & Smith, W. (2015). Transnational Agency and Migration: Actors, Movements, and Social Support: Routledge.
Kopinak, K. & Soriano Miras, R. M. (2013). Types of Migration Enabled by Maquiladoras in Baja California, Mexico: The Importance of Commuting. Journal of Borderlands Studies, 28(1), 75-91.
Laino, D. (1979). Paraguay: Fronteras y Penetración Brasileña. Asunción: Cerro Cerro Cora.
Lissardy, G. (2012). Paraguay: Los ‘brasiguayos’, La Voz del Nuevo Gobierno para Seducir a Brasil. BBC Paraguay. Recuperado de http://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/noticias/2012/06/120627_paraguay_crisis_franco_lugo_brasil_brasiguayos_jg.shtml
Lobo, C., Matos, R. & Teixeira, R. (2008). Novas territorialidades e a mobilidade espacial dos imigrantes procedentes do Paraguai residentes no Brasil. Paper presented at the II Congresso da Associação Latino Americana de População, Córdoba, Argentina. http://www.alapop.org/alap/files/docs/congreso2008/ALAP_2008_FINAL_279.pdf
Loureiro, M. D. R., Cunha, R. V. d., Ivo, M. L., Pontes, E. R. J. C., Fabbro, M. M. F. J. D. & Ferreira Júnior, M. A. (2012). Syphilis in Pregnancies and Vertical Transmission as a Public Health Problem. Journal of Nursing, 6(12), 2171-2179.
Machado-Casas, M. (2009). The politics of organic phylogeny: the art of parenting and surviving as transnational multilingual Latino indigenous immigrants in the US. The High School Journal, 92(4), 82-99.
Marcus, G. (1995). Ethnography in/of the world system: the emergence of multi-sited ethnography. Annual Review of Anthropology, 24, 95-117.
Marques, D. H. F. (2009). Circularidade na Fronteira do Paraguai e Brasil: O Estudo de Caso dos “Brasiguaios”. (Ph.D in Demography), UFMG/Cedeplar, Belo Horizonte, MG.
MERCOSUR. (2010). Plan de Acción para el Estatuto de la Ciudadanía MERCOSUR 64/10. Recuperado de http://www.cartillaciudadania.mercosur.int/uploads/DEC_064-2010_ES_Estatuto%20de%20Cidadania.pdf
MERCOSUR. (2012). Ejes del Plan Estratégico de Acción Social. Recuperado de http://ismercosur.org/doc/PEAS-Portugues-web.pdf
MERCOSUR. (2015). Declaración socio-laboral del MERCOSUR del 2015. Recuperado de http://www.mercosur.int/innovaportal/file/4506/1/es_declaracion-sociolaboral.pdf
MPF. (2006). Questão de Justiça: A Difícil Vida dos Brasiguaios. Brasilia-DF, Brazil: PGR/Secom Recuperado de Fonte: http://noticias.pgr.mpf.gov.br/noticias-do-site/geral/geral-2006/questao-de-justica--a-dificil-vida-dos-brasiguaios-20060817/.
Nogueira, V., Simonatto, I., & da Silva, M. (2003). Fronteira Mercosul: Processos de Inclusão/Exclusão no Sistema Único de Saúde. Serviço Social em Revista, 6(1).
Paasi, A., & Prokkola, E. K. (2008). Territorial Dynamics, Cross-border Work and Everyday Life in the Finnish–Swedish Border Area. Space and Polity, 12(1), 13-29. doi: 10.1080/13562570801969366
Pasura, D. (2010). Zimbabwean Transnational Diaspora Politics in Britain. Zimbabwe’s new diaspora: displacement and the cultural politics of survival, 103-121.
Perez Vichich, N. (2005). El MERCOSUR y la migración internacional. Trabajo presentado a la Reunión del Grupo de Expertos sobre Migraciones Internacionales y Desarrollo en América Latina y el Caribe, Naciones Unidas, México.
Petrón, M. (2009). Transnational Teachers of English in Mexico. The High School Journal, 92(4), 115-128.
Pollock, N. (2009). Food and Transnationalism: Reassertions of Pacific Identity. Migration and Transnationalism: Pacific Perspectives, 103-114.
Portes, A. (1999). Conclusion: Toward a New World - the Origins and Effects of Transnational Activities. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 22(2), 463-477.
Portes, A. (2001). Introduction: The Debates and Significance of Immigrant Transnationalism. Global Networks, 1(3), 181-194.
Portes, A. (2003). Conclusion: Theoretical Convergencies and Empirical Evidence in the Study of Immigrant Transnationalism. International migration review, 874-892.
Portes, A. & DeWind, J. (2007). Rethinking Migration. New Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives. New York.
Portes, A., Guarnizo, L. E. & Landolt, P. (1999). The Study of Transnationalism: Pitfalls and Promise of an Emergent Research Field. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 22(2), 217-237.
Scannell, P. (1996). Radio, television, and Modern life: A Phenomenological Approach.
Scannell, P. (2000). For Anyone as Someone Structures. Media, Culture & Society, 22(1), 5-24. doi: 10.1177/016344300022001001
Sheringham, O. (2010). A Transnational Space? Transnational Practices, Place-Based Identity and the Making of ‘Home’ among Brazilians in Gort, Ireland. Portuguese Studies, 60-78.
Smith, R. C. (2006). Mexican New York: Transnational Lives of New Immigrants. New York: University of California.
Stiftung, B. (2014). BTI 2014– Paraguay country report. Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung.
Strüver, A. (2005). Spheres of Transnationalism within the European Union: On Open Doors, Thresholds and Drawbridges along the Dutch–German Border. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 31(2), 323-343. doi: 10.1080/1369183042000339954
Szewczyk, A. (2014). Polish Graduates and British Citizenship: Amplification of the Potential Mobility Dynamics beyond Europe. Mobilities (ahead-of-print), 1-20.
Tamaki, E. (2011). Transnational Home Engagement among Latino and Asian Americans: Resources and Motivation. International migration review, 45(1), 148-173.
Tiburcio, J. (2011). Brazilians in Paraguay: A Growing Internal Problem or a Regional Issue? In W. Kemp, V. Popovski, & R. Thakur (Eds.), Blood and Borders: The Responsibility to Protect and the Problem of the Kin-State. Tokyo -New York- Paris: United Nations Press.
La invasión brasileña. (2003). Última Hora, p. 4.
Vertovec, S. (1999). Conceiving and Researching Transnationalism. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 22(2), 447-462.
Vertovec, S. (2001). Transnationalism and Identity. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 27(4), 573-582. doi: 10.1080/13691830120090386
Wagner, C. (1990). Brasiguaios: Homens sem Pátria. Petrópolis-RJ, Brazil: Voz.
Zaar, M. H. (2001). A Migração rural no oeste Paranaense / Brasil: a trajetória Dos “Brasiguaios”. Scripta Nova. Revista Electrónica de Geografía y Ciencias Sociales, 94(88).
Publicado
2017-12-22
Cómo citar
ESTRADA, Marcos.
Papel de los procesos transnacionales en la integración y desarrollo de Paraguay en el MERCOSUR.
Revista MERCOSUR de Políticas Sociales, [S.l.], v. 1, p. 144-170, dic. 2017.
ISSN 2663-2047.
Disponible en: <http://revista.ismercosur.org/index.php/revista/article/view/7>. Fecha de acceso: 26 abr. 2024
doi: https://doi.org/10.28917/ism.2017-v144.
Sección
Artículos Originales
